Terpenes are organic compounds found in a wide variety of plants, including hemp. They are responsible for the distinctive aromas and flavors of plants, and also play a significant role in the plant's biological functions, such as attracting pollinators and deterring pests. In hemp, terpenes work synergistically with cannabinoids like CBD and THC, contributing to what is known as the "entourage effect."

What are Terpenes?

Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a variety of plants, and even some insects. They are the primary constituents of essential oils and are responsible for the aroma of citrus, pines, and other plants. In hemp, they are synthesized in the trichomes, the tiny, mushroom-shaped glands on the surface of the plant, much like cannabinoids.

Common Terpenes in Hemp

Hemp contains a complex profile of terpenes, each offering unique aromatic and potential therapeutic properties. Some of the most common terpenes found in hemp include:

• Myrcene: Often found in mangoes, hops, and thyme, myrcene has an earthy, musky aroma. It is one of the most abundant terpenes in cannabis and is believed to contribute to sedative effects.
• Limonene: As the name suggests, limonene has a distinct citrusy aroma and is also found in citrus rinds, juniper, and peppermint. It is associated with mood elevation and stress relief.
• Caryophyllene: Found in black pepper, cloves, and cinnamon, caryophyllene has a spicy, woody aroma. It is unique among terpenes because it can interact directly with the endocannabinoid system, specifically targeting CB2 receptors.
• Pinene: With an aroma reminiscent of pine trees, pinene is also present in pine needles, rosemary, and eucalyptus. It is known for its potential to promote alertness and memory retention.
• Linalool: This terpene is characterized by its floral, lavender-like scent and is also found in lavender, coriander, and birch. It is often associated with relaxing and calming effects.
• Humulene: Found in hops, sage, and ginger, humulene has an earthy, woody aroma. It has been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory properties.

The Entourage Effect

The "entourage effect" is a theory that suggests that cannabinoids, terpenes, and other compounds in the hemp plant work together synergistically to produce a more profound and beneficial effect than any single compound in isolation. This means that the presence of various terpenes can influence how cannabinoids are absorbed and utilized by the body, potentially enhancing their therapeutic potential and modulating their effects.

Extraction and Preservation of Terpenes

The quality and quantity of terpenes in hemp products depend heavily on the extraction and preservation methods used. Methods that prioritize low temperatures and gentle processing, such as CO2 extraction, are often preferred as they help to retain the delicate terpene profiles. Proper storage, away from light, heat, and air, is crucial to prevent terpene degradation and maintain the product's aroma and efficacy.