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Pinene is a terpene found in many plants, including cannabis. It is named for its distinctive pine aroma and flavor. There are two isomers of pinene: alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. Alpha-pinene is the most common and is found in many strains of cannabis. It is also found in coniferous trees such as pine, fir, and spruce. Beta-pinene is less common b...

I was fortunate to cross paths with Raphael Mechoulam, “the father of cannabis research,” at several science conferences over the years. The most memorable occasion was the 22nd annual meeting of the International Cannabinoid Research Society (ICRS) in Freiburg, Germany, in July 2012. Mechoulam delivered a plenary speech at the symposium, addressing the future of cannabinoid research and key areas of study that should be pursued.

It was exactly fifty years earlier, in 1962, when Mechoulam launched his scientific investigation into the chemistry of cannabis. In 1963, he and Yuval Shvo first reported the molecular structure of cannabidiol (CBD). And the following year Mechoulam coauthored a paper that elucidated the molecular structure of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Although he didn’t know it at the time, Mechoulam had lit a slow burning fuse that would detonate a revolution in medical science.

As a young scientist, Mechoulam set out to understand how cannabis works; he ended up unlocking a treasure trove of information about how we work. Known affectionately as “Raphi” to many of the scientists he mentored, Mechoulam tirelessly promoted cooperation between researchers around the world to advance the study of the body’s “endocannabinoid system,” which produces chemicals similar to THC, CBD, and other plant cannabinoids, and mediates their effects.

In 1992, Mechoulam’s research group at Hebrew University in Jerusalem discovered an endogenous THC-like compound that activates receptors in the mammalian brain. He named it “anandamide,” the bliss molecule. And in 1995, Mechoulam and his team identified a second endocannabinoid compound, 2-arachidonoyglycerol or 2-AG for short. Anandamide and 2-AG are part of an internal lipid neurotransmitter system that regulates a wide range of physiological processes, including appetite, mood, pain perception, and immune function.

“Planning Research for the Next Half Century”

“It’s time to plan ahead for the next half a century,” Mechoulam, age 81, told the Freiburg ICRS attendees, who had gathered to honor his 50 years as a pioneer cannabis scientist. Mechoulam cited three specific areas that should be research priorities: CBD, the CB2 cannabinoid receptor, and a cluster of endogenous fatty acid compounds in the brain that he referred to as FAAA’s.

 There are several methods for extracting CBD (cannabidiol) from the cannabis plant. Here are some of the most common methods: CO2 extraction: This method involves using carbon dioxide under high pressure and low temperature to extract CBD from the plant. The resulting extract is pure and potent, making it a popular choice for producing high-q...

CBD, or cannabidiol, is a non-psychoactive compound found in the cannabis plant that has gained popularity in recent years for its potential therapeutic benefits. While research on the effectiveness of CBD for sleep is still ongoing, some studies suggest that it may have the potential to improve sleep in certain individuals. Here are some ways that...

Making a CBD balm is a straightforward process that requires a few simple ingredients and some basic kitchen equipment. Here is a recipe for making your own CBD balm: Ingredients: 1/2 cup coconut oil1/2 cup beeswax1/2 cup shea butter1/2 cup CBD oil (you can adjust this amount based on the desired potency)10-20 drops of essential oils (optional, for...

CBD (cannabidiol) has been touted as a potential natural remedy for various health conditions, including arthritis. Arthritis is a condition characterized by inflammation and pain in the joints, and CBD has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties that may be beneficial in reducing pain and inflammation associated with arthritis. While research o...

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a cannabinoid that has shown potential benefits for acne-prone skin. CBD has anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce the production of sebum, the oily substance that can contribute to acne. It also has antibacterial properties that can help kill the bacteria responsible for acne breakouts. Additionally, CBD can help s...

At first glance, Cannabis Textiles is a quiet, unassuming book, without slick, staged photos or superlative descriptions of indigenous cultures. Such simplicity reflects the book’s inner beauty, which documents the history of a disappearing handcraft, that of traditional hemp cultivation and fabric production.

Skoglund’s book focuses primarily on indigenous hemp cultures in Europe and Asia. Her passion for hemp was lit while pursuing her Master’s thesis studies at the Swedish School of Textiles, University of Borås and in Uppsala, Sweden in the 1970s, when she discovered a significant absence of recorded information on traditional hemp craft.

“It was almost taboo to talk about hemp, because it was intimately connected to drugs and was banned in Sweden [until 2003],” she told Project CBD.

Skoglund began to weave with hemp yarn herself, while scouring the historical record for mentions of the craft. She used DNA and microscopic testing methods to determine the fiber content of a number of antique textiles kept in museums and archives, and found many that were made completely or partially from hemp fibers. 

A Bast Fiber Plant

Long before 1842, when William O’Shaughnessy brought psychoactive cannabis indica from India to the West, a type of cannabis commonly known as hemp was grown in kitchen gardens across Europe and East Asia, “near castles and monasteries, mansions and simple farms,” writes Skoglund. Hemp, a bast fiber plant, was cultivated for its seeds and medicinal properties, but mainly for its fiber. Fiber from other bast plants, such as flax and hops, was often blended with hemp fiber.

Have you heard of Celtic Hemp? In a recently published paper in Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Dr. John M. McPartland and Saoirse E. O’Sullivan trace hemp’s prehistoric journey from Asia to Hibernia — now modern-day Ireland. Like much of Europe, cannabis arrived in Ireland when written records were scarce.

The authors rely on archeological, linguistic, and pollen analyses as they document the migration of cannabis across Europe. Ancient pollen, extracted from mud, contains signals from cannabis’s past. Seeds from crops and rare archeological artifacts provide additional clues attesting to hemp’s intimate relationship with humankind.

Thousands of years ago, the medicinal properties of cannabis were remarked in ancient texts. At this time, humans living closer to the plant’s area of origin on the Tibetan plateau relied on fibers from cannabis stalks for textiles. By 400 BCE, humans left evidence of cannabis where Celtic culture is thought to have originated.

The Birthplace of Celtic Culture

People of the Yamnaya culture, encompassing modern Ukraine, utilized cannabis crops earlier than the Celtic culture that emerged in Europe during the Iron Age (1200-550 BC). Cannabis fibers and water-logged seeds first appeared in Hallstatt, a region near modern Austria, which is considered the birthplace of the Celtic peoples.

But the words used for cannabis and hemp were all borrowed from another culture. The lack of an ancestorial word for hemp or cannabis in Proto-Celtic implies that the inhabitants of Halsttatt spoke a language unrelated to early precursors of the Celtic lexicon.

Cannabis plants produce over 100 different cannabinoids, but the main cannabinoid molecules are: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): THC is the primary psychoactive compound found in cannabis. It is responsible for the "high" or euphoric feeling associated with marijuana use.Cannabidiol (CBD): CBD is a non-psychoactive compound found in cannabis. It is bel...

Hemp is a versatile plant that has been used for various purposes for thousands of years, including as a soil amendment. When hemp is grown for industrial purposes, it can be used as a cover crop or as a green manure to improve soil health and fertility. One of the benefits of using hemp as a soil amendment is its ability to absorb nutrients from t...

CBD, or cannabidiol, has become a popular ingredient in skincare products due to its potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. CBD is derived from the hemp plant, and is non-psychoactive, meaning it does not produce the "high" associated with marijuana use. CBD is believed to have a number of benefits for the skin, including reducing ...

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex cell-signaling system that plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological and cognitive processes, including appetite, mood, pain sensation, and memory. The ECS consists of three primary components: endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors, and enzymes. Endocannabinoids are lipid molecules that...

HerbalGram, the acclaimed quarterly journal of the American Botanical Council, recently published its 2021 “Herb Market Report,” which included data on sales of CBD as an herbal ingredient in mainstream and natural retail channels in the United States. The combined total from both channels — $58,293,034 — does not include CBD sales in licensed cannabis dispensaries or CBD products, such as vapes, tinctures, gummies, and other edibles sold online. (E-commerce sales of CBD in the U.S. in 2021 reached $2 billion, according to Statistica.)

The following excerpt analyzes CBD marketing trends reported by the American Botanical Council, a membership organization that educates consumers, health care professionals, journalists, and others about the safe and effective use of medicinal plants. Visit this link if you are interested in becoming an ABC member, which includes a subscription to HerbalGram.

A Top Selling Herbal Supplement

In 2021, for the fourth year in a row, CBD was the top-selling herbal supplement ingredient in natural retail stores. CBD first appeared on the natural channel’s top 40 list in 2017, ranking 12th, after sales growth of more than 300% from the previous year. Despite its top rank in 2021, sales of this ingredient have slowed in recent years.

In 2021, CBD sales in the natural channel totaled $38,931,696, a 24% decline. This was somewhat less than the nearly 37% decline seen in 2020. Sales appear to have peaked in 2019, when natural channel consumers spent more than $90.7 million on these products. Still, even after two years of declining sales, natural channel sales of CBD in 2021 were still significantly higher than when the ingredient first appeared on the top 40 list. Consumers spent roughly $31.3 million more on CBD products in 2021 compared to 2017 — a 413.4% increase in annual sales.

The marketing data firm SPINS tracks sales of two separate cannabis-derived ingredients: CBD and “hemp seeds and derivatives.” According to the FDA, “hemp” is defined as Cannabis sativa with a tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration of 0.3% or less. (THC is the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis.) Cannabis sativa with more than 0.3% THC is considered “marijuana” or “cannabis.”1 SPINS’ CBD category typically includes sales of products that contain hemp-based CBD extracts, including CBD oils, gummies, and capsules.

Hemp construction, also known as hempcrete, is an alternative building material made from the woody core fibers of the hemp plant mixed with a lime-based binder. Hemp is a renewable resource that can be grown in a variety of climates, and hempcrete is a sustainable building material that has gained popularity in recent years due to its many benefit...